Nil 的个人资料Ｎil→๑_๑ Utopia~照片日志列表更多  |  工具 帮助 |
|
|
12月6日 translationIBM Lotus Domino
IBM Lotus Domino服务器软件为协作和需求业务提供了一个多平台基础，不再使用企业信息服务，而是将以网络为基础的交易作为解决方案，或使用介于此两者之间的解决方案。建立这个企业级的通讯和协作系统是为了利用个人、团队以及广泛组织的经验和专业知识以最大限度地提高生产率。
获益： l 在硬件平台、操作系统方面提供了灵活的选择 l 提供业内领先的安全特性，以帮助保护业务关键型信息：Lotus Domino服务器的基础 l 借助于高级集群、事务日志记录、服务器故障恢复和自动诊断工具，最大限度地提高服务器可用性 l 通过高级管理特性--Lotus Notes智能升级和Lotus Domino Policy Based Administration帮助减少与部署和管理基础设施相关的时间和成本 l 允许系统管理员管理垃圾邮件，用户无须再费劲清理 l 通过有效地使用 CPU 资源、网络带宽和磁盘存储器，帮助降低总体拥有成本 (TCO) l 借助于针对业务流程的基于 Lotus Domino 的解决方案（例如服务台、客户关系管理、供应链和项目跟踪），帮助快速获得投资回报 (ROI)。
IBM Lotus Notes
IBM Lotus Notes的客户端软件，将继续为约20年前Lotus界定的市场，建立通讯和协作的创新标准。作为一个集成客户端，Lotus Notes集结了电子邮件、日历和日程安排功能，并为协作应用程序提供了强大的桌面平台。您能够以一个极具吸引力的总体拥有成本来享用先进的功能、可信赖的绩效以及可靠的安全性能。
获益： l 集成了您最有价值的通讯、协作以及个人信息管理（PIM ）资源，如电子邮件、日程和待办事项，让用户随时随地获取信息而不受网络连接限制 l 使用一个入口网页一样的欢迎页面，为用户提供一个统一的接入点，以轻松获取用户工作时的工具、任务和联系人 l 集成Lotus到场感知和即时消息传递功能，以促进与同事的协作，不用另外启动独立的应用程序。 l 通过后续功能和视觉指示器最大化响应度和易用性，在用户已转发或答复电子邮件信息后告知用户 l 提供业界领先的日历和日程安排功能，让用户方便地与在世界各地的同事们进行协作以及会议安排 l 通过最小化的培训需求、终端用户生产率的提高以及内置管理功能（如智能升级）来降低总体拥有成本 IBM Lotus Domino Web Access IBM Lotus Domino Web Access（原Lotus iNotes™ ） 是完善的 Web 客户机，它为终端用户带来了业界领先的 Domino 消息传递和协作功能，这些功能以前只在 Lotus Notes 客户机中可用。借助安全可靠的 IBM Lotus Domino 服务器，我们可以尽情享受这些功能，而这一切只需通过一个 Web 浏览器。无论用户使用 Internet 自助终端还是使用另一位用户的 PC，也无论其联机还是脱机，用户随时都可以经过验证后访问受支持的 Lotus Domino 数据，包括e-mail、日历、任务列表、个人通讯录和记事本。 获益： l 可以从 Linux 桌面访问 Linux™服务器上的 Lotus Domino，体验最前沿的 Linux 端到端协作解决方案。 l 集成到场感知和即时消息传递功能，以促进与同事的协作，不用另外启动独立的应用程序。 l 帮助用户阻止垃圾邮件在邮箱中显示，减少干扰，提高生产率 l 通过快速的、无接触的浏览器访问和部署，以及最小化的培训需求，帮助降低总体拥有成本。 l 提供先进的安全性功能，帮助保护业务关键型信息。 l 通过无与伦比的功能集和易于使用的界面，提供完善的 Web 消息传递和个人信息管理 (PIM) 功能。 l 提供完整的离线支持，通过 Domino Off-Line Services 回复 您的电子邮件或查看日历。
IBM Lotus Domino Access Microsoft Outlook
如果您希望摆脱 Microsoft Exchange，而又不想重新培训用户，IBM Lotus Domino Access Microsoft Outlook提供了一种理想的解决方案。现在，您的雇员可以继续使用原来的 Outlook 客户端收发消息、进行日程安排和计划、管理个人信息，而将 Microsoft Exchange 服务器基础设施替换为可伸缩的、可靠的 Lotus Domino 服务器，它可以在您选择的硬件和操作系统上运行，包括 Linux。 获益：
IBM Lotus Domino Designer 为了满足当今艰巨的业务需求量，你必须找到使你的业务流程更有效率、自动化程度更高也更容易追踪的办法。 IBM Lotus Domino Designer是一种应用程序开发软件，应用程序开发人员和Web 站点设计人员通过它可以创建安全的、能够通过Lotus Notes 或Web 浏览器访问的协作应用程序。开发人员很容易使用表单、视图、网页、框架集、集成的即时消息、XML、Java™、JavaScript 等来创建核心业务解决方案。
获益： l 能够快速构建、测试和部署开放的、具备丰富安全特性的、任务关键型的应用程序。 l 只需点击一下鼠标就可以在Lotus Notes 应用程序中嵌入在线感知和联系人列表，从而提高终端用户的生产率。 l 开放标准的 JavaScript、XML和Java技术提供了足够的平台灵活性，帮助您节省资金。 l 提供了改进的 Java/CORBA 和组件对象模型（COM）类，可以利用已有的编程技巧开发应用程序。 l 提供Lotus Notes和Domino对象模型的纲领性接口和对外应用程序接口
IBM Lotus Enterprise Integrator
IBM Lotus Enterprise Integrator提供高性能、可伸缩的，在Lotus Domino和主持者、关系数据系统相互之间的数据交换。即指即点的界面帮助简化了复杂又艰巨的集成项目，您可以创建并按批批量、实时数据访问，以提供与关联系统（如IBM的DB2®和Oracle database软件，或是企业资源规划系统，如SAP应用程序）的集成。 获益： l 使您能够快速创建帮助提高员工生产率的自动化业务流程解决方案 l 通过支持安装多个IBM Lotus Domino分区以帮助节省时间和金钱 l 允许用户访问和查看 Lotus Domino 服务器内的企业数据，而无需考虑数据的存储位置。 l 降低对使用简单的即指即点开发进行编程的需求。 l 将企业和基于 Lotus Domino 技术的数据统一到一个应用程序中，以利用当前应用程序投资。 l 允许用户通过熟悉的IBM Lotus Notes或网络浏览器接口接入业务流程自动化解决方案
translation workIBM Lotus Domino IBM Lotus Domino server software provides a multiplatform foundation for collaboration and on demand business, driving solutions from corporate messaging to Web-based transactions and virtually everything in between. This enterprise-class messaging and collaboration system is built to maximize human productivity by unleashing the experience and expertise of individuals, teams, and extended communities. Benefits
IBM Lotus Notes IBM Lotus Notes client software continues to set the standard for innovation in the messaging and collaboration market Lotus defined nearly two decades ago. As an integrated collaborative environment, Lotus Notes combines enterprise-class messaging and calendaring as well as scheduling capabilities with a robust platform for collaborative applications. Take advantage of the advanced functionality, reliable performance, and dependable security features, at an attractive total cost of ownership. Benefits:
IBM Lotus Domino Web Access IBM Lotus Domino Access software (formerly Lotus iNotes™) is a sophisticated Web client that gives end users leading Lotus Domino messaging and collaboration features that were previously available only with a Lotus Notes client. Get all of this with the reliability and security features of IBM Lotus Domino server — delivered through a Web browser. Whether one of your users is at an Internet kiosk or another user's PC, and whether online or disconnected from the network, that user can get ubiquitous, authenticated access to supported Lotus Domino data, including e-mail, calendar, to-do list, personal contacts, and notebook. Benefits:
IBM Lotus Domino Access for Microsoft Outlook IBM Lotus Domino Access for Microsoft Outlook software provides an ideal solution for businesses that are looking to migrate away from Microsoft Exchange, but do not want to retrain their desktop users. Now your employees can continue using their existing Microsoft Outlook client, but you can use scalable and reliable Lotus Domino servers on the back end. You can run your messaging environment on the supported hardware platform and operating system of your choice, including Linux. Benefits:
IBM Lotus Domino Designer To meet today's formidable business demands, you need to find ways to make your business processes more efficient, more automated, and easier to follow. IBM Lotus Domino Designer software allows application developers and Web site designers to create security-rich, collaborative applications that can be accessed from Lotus Notes or Web browsers. Developers can easily create core business solutions based on forms, views, pages, framesets, integrated instant messaging, XML, Java™, JavaScript, and much more. Benefits:
IBM Lotus Enterprise Integrator IBM Lotus Enterprise Integrator provides high-performance, scalable exchange of data between Lotus Domino and host and relational data systems. With point-and-click ease, you can create, manage, and schedule batch and real-time access to provide integration with relational systems, such as IBM DB2® and Oracle database software, or enterprise resource planning systems, such as SAP applications. Benefits:
translation verion2.1服务器整合优势
具有以下概况的组织通常需要服务器整合：
2.1.1 Domino在小型企业的增长
随着时间的推移， Domino在小型企业的相关使用问题显现出以下类似的模式：
图2-1 第9页显示了Domino在小型企业的典型增长方式。
第一个企业
电子邮件基础设施
一个域名，极少的用户 通过以下方式改善基础设施：
l 企业扩大
l 企业内电子邮件延伸
更具复杂性，原因：
l 在Domino中创建商务应用程序
l 创建多个管理单元
通过以下方式，小型企业从服务器整合中受惠最多： 2.1.2 Domino在大型企业的增长
随着时间的推移， Domino在大型企业的相关使用问题同样也显现出以下类似的模式： -外部应用程序服务
图2-2显示了在大型企业典型的Domino增长方式。
第一个企业
电子邮件基础设施
一个领域，仅仅有选择性的用户 通过以下方式改善基础设施：
l 企业扩大
l 企业内电子邮件延伸 向多个Domino领域的延伸：
l 在一个领域（R4以及前期发行的领域）内最大化用户限制
l 用本地应用程序在全球范围内扩大企业 平行基础设施：
l 用其电子邮件域名获得商机
l 将商务单元分布到子公司
现在的基础设施：
肩负不同管理责任的多个领域
通过以下方式，大型企业从服务器巩固中受惠最多： _为应用程序实施业务管理流程，以完全控制应用程序的部署生命周期，包括消除和归档过期的应用程序 _减少Domino领域（特别是邮件域）的数量，以简化邮件路由选择、复制和系统管理
2.1.3减少或控制IT成本 _工作人员支持：减少所需的人力资源数量，以监管运行环境和不断的培训费用 _ "隐性成本" ：与支撑软件、系统故障、数据丢失和安全风险等等不一致或相抵触的硬件的相关费用
2.1.4改善后的可管理性和可用性 _连续作业：妥善整合后的系统使企业具有供应27 × 7的电子邮件和应用程序接入口的能力。 _一贯性能：在类似的硬件和操作系统平台上整合的系统中表现出类似的性能概况，让均衡工作量负荷操作起来更简单。
2.1.5改善后的数据存取及其保护 _提高有形资产的安全性：减少数据中心位置的数量，可限制不必要的或未经授权的访问进入服务器硬件，并有助于确保一个更安全的运行环境。
2.1.6利用现有的投资 _优化人才资源：在分布式环境中，Domino管理程序往往是零散的，只拥有在部分时间发挥Domino支持作用的冷僻资源。同时，网站可能实施不同的供应商体系结构和应用程序，在偏远地区需要不同技能的组合。将服务器整合为标准的硬件和软件，可以让有过深入培训的专职专家辅助运行环境，并管理运行中的系统和架构变化。
2.1.7减少技术上的复杂性
2.1.8可伸缩性和工作量的增长
my translation work original...2.1 Advantages of server consolidation The proliferation of servers in Domino environments over time has led to a cost impact to many businesses. However, different businesses interpret those costs in different ways. While some want to exclusively focus on managing capital and operating cost, others also view the costs from a serviceability perspective. Thus, when businesses choose to execute a server consolidation strategy, they may select different measures for success depending on their consolidation goals. Organizations matching the following profile generally make good candidates for server consolidation: _ Have a directive to reduce IT costs _ Have no control over their IT costs _ Find that they need to integrate their distributed systems _ Find it hard to retain system administration personnel _ Have server management issues _ Need to reduce staffing costs _ Have backup and recovery problems _ Have had mergers or acquisitions _ Have vital data scattered and unsecured
2.1.1 Domino growth in small businesses Small businesses often have very limited IT budgets, which leads them to limit the number of servers and operational resources they are willing to dedicate to Domino services. Over time, many of these businesses may begin to leverage Domino to provide a common platform for e-mail and collaborative applications, as well as provide Internet based services to their user population or external clients and partners. Over time, issues related to Domino usage in small businesses display similar patterns: _ Very few production Domino domains. _ Domino servers located in a single office, sometimes tasked with multiple functions. _ Disparate hardware vendor platforms purchased over time. _ Servers sized to support workload profiles of older versions of Domino. _ Limited performance tuning and workload balancing due to over-tasking of administrator resources. _ Inability to manage orphaned or abandoned applications. _ Servers supporting both mail and application environments usually named mixed servers where load for each specific usage is difficult to predict. (Application usage and interactions with x-users is hard to size.) Figure 2-1 on page 9 shows the typical Domino growth pattern in small businesses.
Small businesses can generally benefit most from consolidation by: _ Reducing the number of physical servers supported _ Standardizing on larger hardware from a single vendor _ Working through the consolidation process to identify and eliminate abandoned or redundant applications _ Re-architecting system interfaces and administrative processes to simplify replication, mail routing, and user management
2.1.2 Domino growth in large businesses Large businesses are also cost conscious, but due to their size they are required to define complex Domino architectures to meet the need of their businesses. Domino services tend to be distributed across multiple sites, and in many cases consist of multiple domains. Domino administration tends to be a specialization, but this function also tends to be distributed, not only among different sites, but also across different Domino domains and organization hierarchies. Over time, issues related to Domino usage in large businesses also display similar patterns: _ Multiple production Domino domains segregating specific functions, such as: – Notes applications – Web applications – Application testing and staging – Internet gateway – External application services _ Domino servers located in multiple locations, mostly segregated by task or function _ Disparate hardware vendor platforms purchased over time _ Inability to rapidly deploy new versions of or updated to Domino server software _ Differing cost-performance ratios at different locations due to workload imbalance _ Inefficient Domino administration and support due to excessive administrative role fragmentation _ Uncontrolled growth of Domino-based collaborative applications _ Difficulty responding to major organizational changes, such as acquisitions or divestitures Figure 2-2 shows the typical Domino growth pattern in large businesses.
Large businesses can generally benefit the most from consolidation by: _ Reducing the number of physical servers and the number of sites supported _ Upgrading server platforms to highly scalable systems, for example: – 32-bit systems to 64-bit systems – Workgroup server operating systems (such as 32-bit Windows or Linux) to enterprise operating systems (such as AIX®, Solaris, OS/400®, and so on) _ Implementing operational management processes for applications to fully control the deployment life cycle of application, including removing and archiving expired applications _ Reducing the number of Domino domains (especially mail domains) to simplify mail routing, replication, and systems management _ Reducing the fragmentation of administrative functions to allow better consistency and faster response to support requests _ Providing more effective system utilization of Domino resources through centralization and workload balancing
2.1.3 Reduction or control of IT costs Controlling IT costs is the main reason most businesses give for consolidating servers. There are several dimensions that make up the total IT cost picture: _ Hardware costs: Reducing the number of server, storage devices, peripherals _ Software costs: Lowering software licensing and renewal costs for Domino, operating systems, and supporting software _ Support staff: Reducing the number of human resources needed to administer or manage the environment, as well as ongoing training costs _ Operational costs: Reducing costs of floor space, power consumption, cooling systems, and so on _ “Hidden costs”: Costs associated with inconsistent or incompatible hardware and supporting software, system failures, data loss, security exposures, and so on
2.1.4 Improved manageability and availability Consolidation can help improve overall system control in the following ways: _ Enterprise management: Allow for a consistent tools, facilities, and systems management services through integrated operations. _ Continuous operations: Properly consolidated systems can provide businesses the ability to provide 27 x 7 access to mail and applications. _ Consistent performance: Systems consolidated onto similar hardware and operating system platforms are likely to have similar performance profiles, making it easier to perform workload balancing. _ Dependability: Problems related to distributed systems, such as frequency of outages or the need for manual intervention by remote support staff, can be reduced with consolidated systems. _ Minimize operational constraints: Increasing the number of servers and peripherals at multiple locations can strain a business’ ability to find sufficient floor space, power connections, and cooling capacity, especially in smaller offices.
2.1.5 Improved data access and protection Businesses can protect distributed data resources though consolidation: _ Reduce data duplication and fragmentation: Access problems can be reduced by consolidating distributed collaborative applications with similar data, or containing only subsets of data due to the application of selective replication formulas. _ Apply enterprise data security: While Domino has a robust application security model, consolidating applications, domains, and certification structures can improved overall security administration. _ Improve security of physical assets: Reducing the number of data center locations can restrict unwanted or unauthorized access to server hardware and help ensure a more secure environment. _ Centralized backup, recovery, and integrity management: Consolidating servers and storage to allow for the development of effective disaster recovery plans, minimize business disruption due to severe data loss, and allow for the effective implementation of data retention and management policies to conform with business requirements and regulatory bodies.
2.1.6 Leveraging existing investments Consolidation can help businesses leverage existing investments where excess capacity exists: _ Expand existing servers: Add new capabilities to existing installations rather than deploy to new dedicated servers. _ Optimize capacity utilization: Since many businesses manage performance and have a level of acceptable, consistent response times by typically running servers at 50 to 60 percent CPU utilization, consolidation can help minimize the number of underutilized servers. These underutilized servers are often found in a distributed environment and in those environments that use server platforms that cannot perform dynamic resource balancing across logical partitions _ Optimize skilled resources: Within distributed environments, Domino administration and management is often fragmented, with many remote resources only fulfilling part-time Domino support roles. Also, sites may implement different vendor architectures and applications, requiring differing skill sets at remote locations. Consolidation to standard hardware and software can allow dedicated experts with in-depth training to support the environment and manage ongoing systems and architectural changes.
2.1.7 Reduced technical complexity Client-server systems are usually seen as a three-tiered logical architecture. As implemented, Domino architectures tend to become multi-tiers systems over time, with broad networks of local servers, replication hubs, and so on. Consolidation can help reduce this technical complexity by reducing or eliminating the need for hubs and gateways.
2.1.8 Scalability and workload growth Consolidation can help businesses handle scalability and workload growth issues in the following ways: _ System scalability: Centralization and server consolidation can make it more cost effective to: – Implement failover solutions – Provide the ability to manage peak usage without degraded performance – Provide for upgrade paths while minimizing the impact on operations or users _ Granular upgrades: Consolidation can ease the ability to grow the number of users, applications, system service, or data supported without causing major disruptions to the production environment.
12月2日 the art of "early autumn"The art of “Early Autumn”
李佩哲 英语学院 0601207
With the advent of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s, strong black voices, writing with African-American rhythms and cadences, broke out all over the country. Of this remarkable creative outpouring, one voice rose among all of the rest. This was the voice of poet Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes was a well known poet, novelist, journalist, and playwright, and was nicknamed the "Poet Laureate of Harlem”. During the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes gained fame and respect for his ability to express the Black American experiences in his works. He was one of the most original and versatile of the twentieth century black writers. Like the sharp peal of a jazz trumpet, Hughes' works announced a kind of rich and vibrant and fiercely poetic literature to us. In his “Early Autumn”, the sentimentality of female and the rationality of male were thoroughly described. The love story is a continuous cycle, people repeat the process again and again, no complaint, no regret. Hughes saw this love truth with his insightful eyes and depicted a heart-stabbing love between Bill and Mary, or let us say, the wishful love on Mary’s part. Langston Hughes has showed a tactic art in his “Early Autumn”: 1).common plot with uncommon meaning; 2).an exterior representation of the psychology; 3). a language full of romantic poetic realism. First, it is the common plot with uncommon meaning. Langston Hughes just told us that Mary impulsively married another man, which hurt Bill deeply, but didn’t tell us why. We readers now have to resort to our own imagination to reckon. Then many reasons and thoughts involved in when we go on reading. Langston then has successfully brought us to now from pass. They encountered with each other in Washington Square, we’d rather to say that it was Mary who picked up Bill among the crowd, calling his full name: Bill Walker. She was no longer deserved his kiss, his genuine care, even though her little son was name after Bill. The dialogue is a embarrassment to Bill, whose words seemed like the polite yet perfunctory answers to a stranger. His cold reaction disillusioned Mary’s romantic dream. The reason why a dream is called the dream is because it can never come true, especially when it is just on only one’s part. Mary left so awkwardly that they even did not exchange the address. This dynamic plot depicted the real life so lively that readers can not help but to go into it. Someone has ever said that the woman fell in love with a person is a lifelong thing, even if they were separated from each other, she would always remember the passed goodness; man fell in love with a person is a momentary thing, after the separation, that is, the two worlds. Then the countless fanatic men and lamenting women are created in Mundane Life, they agonize mutually, willingly. Is it a piece of good luck or bad fortune when you can be with True Love? You should accept all the significant other’s disposition entirety, lean on each other through your whole life; otherwise, breaking up yet remorsefully. Who can tell which is right or wrong? Second, it is the exterior representation of the psychology. We all know human beings’ psychological movements are most elusive, and how could literary demonstrate such things out skillfully? Langston has borrowed a unique technique to deal with it. “It was late afternoon. Nearly sunset. Cold.” The description of specific time exaggerates the bleak autumn atmosphere, and sets off and reappears Mary’s sentimental feelings. “The leaves fell slowly from the trees in the Square. Fell without wind. Autumn dusk.” Mary’s heart sank with the falling leaves. “The bus started. People came between them outside, people crossing the street, people they didn’t know. Space and people.” They met in the crowded Washington Square. Hughes gave the crowd around the two protagonists for a detailed description, the purpose is to emphasize that the fate between ex-lovers in the vast human sea. Although Mary and Bill predestined to meet, but a matter in the life of thoroughly changed the relationship between them, then they became the most familiar strangers. During their separation, the crowd around them has changed: husband, wife, children, friends and even strangers. The people and the distance interlude between them in Washington Square is the continuation of their separation. Last but not the least; it is the language full of romantic poetic realism. Love rules one’s kingdom without a sword. “Suddenly the lights came on up the whole length of Fifth Avenue, chains of misty brilliance in the blue air.” As the lights put on, Mary knew her situation, her wake up gradually, with a bitter grief complex. She was experiencing the mistiness and brilliance of inner struggle. A “blue” reveals the dim light and reflects her melancholy. “The lights on the avenue blurred, twinkled, blurred.” The leaving Mary’s eyes filled with tears of remorse and regret, making street lights in her eyes becomes blurred and twinkled. Entire scenes in the story gave a highly colored sad autumn in Mary’s psychological change from excitement to sorrow to helplessness, expressing the author's positive and optimistic attitude and vision towards the protagonists’ life. Hughes seemingly detached recounting appropriately reflects the character’s emotional undercurrents beneath the calm surface and also forms a sharp contrast with the characters' intense emotional change. It is an elite fiction worthy reading millions of times.
浅析孔子与庄子的美学思想浅析孔子与庄子的美学思想 李佩哲 0601207 美学作为一门社会科学，是在社会的物质生活与精神生活的基础上产生和发展起来的，是研究美、美感、美的创造及美育规律的一门科学。美学思想是人类审美实践和艺术实践发展到一定历史阶段的产物，是对人类审美实践和艺术实践的哲学概括。 孔子时代，也许没有成熟的美学概念，但从美学的实质上而言，孔子已形成完整的美学思想体系，在美学思想上是一个承前启后的人物。庄子有一套比较完整而独特的美学思想体系，成为中国两千多年来美学的源头，足以与柏拉图的美学思想媲美。
一、 产生基础 1.孔子的美学思想产生的基础 孔子是儒家的代表人物，春秋末期，奴隶制趋于崩溃，封建制逐渐形成，战乱纷起，秩序大乱，物欲横流，奴隶造反，新兴地主的崛起使奴隶制度“礼崩乐坏”，孔子毅然决然站出来，对“周礼”采取竭力维护的态度，提出了“仁”的主张，试图从伦理道德方面维护“礼”的主张和规范。 2.庄子的美学思想产生的基础 庄子是道家的灵魂人物，是春秋战国时代没落贵族奴隶主阶级的思想家，战国中期，奴隶制度土崩瓦解，封建制度在各国普遍建立，贵族奴隶主阶级的统治地位完全坍台，庄子不再象老子“以无为而治”的政治主张来挽救摇摇欲坠的奴隶主统治阶级，较之老子的虚无主义思想理论，“庄子把它完全转化为了主观唯心主义[1]”。
二、 美学思想概述 1.孔子的美学思想概述 达到“仁”的境界，是孔子的最高审美理想；“仁”、“尽善尽美”构成了孔子的审美准则，悲壮的“知其不可而为之”当是孔子的审美情趣。孔子的美学就是他“仁学”的发展与延伸。 1.1孔子的“美”与“善”：尽善尽美 孔子的美善关系思想是充满矛盾对立的，他注意到了“美”和“善”的区别：“子谓《韶》尽美矣，又尽善也。谓《武》尽美矣，未尽善也”（《论语·八佾》）。“美”与“善”的高度和谐才是艺术的大美；而且，“《韶》与《武》既有‘文’与‘武’的区别[2]”，孔子面临诸侯争霸天下的局势，主张以“仁义”治天下，崇尚“文德”轻视“武功”，自然在欣赏《韶》的时候“三月不知肉味”了。 1.2孔子的“文”与“质”：文质彬彬 与此同时，孔子也注意到了“质”与“文”的区别：“质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然后君子。”（《论语·雍也》），所以他是主张“文质兼备”的，任何事物如果没有了外在的“美”的形式，内在的“质”就显得粗俗；但如果外表经过文饰的华丽，也会显得虚夸浮饰。统一于“礼”的基础上，“约之以礼”才能达到真正的“文质彬彬”，也说明孔子是从当时旧贵族奴隶主阶级立场和政治利益出发来看待“文”与“质”的。 1.3孔子论“人格之美” 在《论语·泰伯》中，孔子把尧作为常人难以企及的最高的人格典范：“大哉！尧之为君也。” “大”就是“伟大”，是对尧的内在精神和外表气度上所表现出的完美所作的最高的概括，也就是他在评价《韶》乐时的既“尽善”又“尽美”。在孔子看来，尧作为最完美的人格主体，既具有内在的仁义品格：“巍巍乎！唯天为大，唯尧则之。荡荡乎！民无能名焉”，又具有与之相称的外在的容貌、举止、风度的美：“焕乎！其有文章”，从而达到了高度地完美地统一，同时也是“文质彬彬”的“君子”的典范。 1.4孔子的人生价值审美观：“孔颜乐处” 人们把《论语·雍》中颜回的“一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人也不堪其优，回也不改其乐”与孔子的“其为人也，发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至”，合而称之为“孔颜乐处”，用以表示孔子的人生意义现。“孔颜乐处”，意味着人的伟大、道德的庄严崇高美。孔子肯定人的生存需求、社会需要、社会存在、隐忍救世、安贫乐道的使命感，不计较世俗功利、灾祸于仁义至尚的道德意识，尊重主体的地位和改造社会的能动力等。在人生的天平上，孔子秤量自我人生的价值所用的砝码是具有崇高美的天下之利和万世之名的社会价值， “仁者乐山”正反映了孔子所追求的是与山的高峻美感契合的挺拔的人生和庄重的道德追求。 2. 庄子的美学思想概述 庄子从唯心主义、虚无主义的“道”出发，提倡“无为”境界，顺应自然，不滞于物，追求无条件的精神自由，心灵充实之谓美，“人的自然化”之谓美， “心灵的自由”之谓美。他以一种沉着有序的生命意识来欣赏美、把握美。庄子否定形式化、世俗的、功用化的艺术，肯定超越使用目的、超越政治事功和理智判断的纯粹的审美意识。 2.1庄子的“大美不言” 庄子的“大美”思想是庄子美学思想的核心内容。庄子主张质朴混沌的大自然本身是最为完善的,具有至高无上的美: “天地有大美而不言，四时有明法而不议，万物有成理而不说。”（《庄子·知北游》），“大美”就是最全最完整最高境界之美。 2.2庄子的“有为与无为” 庄子讲求主体从既定的生命模式和思维定势之中解脱出来,崇尚“与天地精神相往来”的去权力、去繁冗理性的美学追寻。他效法自然无为的天道：“动而天行”，“循天之理” （《庄子·刻意》），即返朴归真，达到素朴无为。无为，实际上是一种道德有为，借助于此，庄子方可游世而不同世，简而言之：用“无为”的手段，达到“无不为”的目的。 2.3庄子论“人格之美” 伯夷和叔齐因不食周粟而饿死在首阳山上，孔子评价道：“求仁而得仁，又何怨。”（《论语·述而十五》），而庄子却在《庄子·骈拇》中举为耻食周粟而饿死首阳的伯夷和为谋私利而死于东陵山的盗跖两例，以为他们“所死不同，其于残生伤性均也。”“在庄子看来，伯夷和盗跖在市区人的本真之性上完全没有区别，这就是君子和小人的齐一，为仁义而殉身和为逐利而死的齐一。”[3] 2.4庄子的人生价值审美观：“鱼之乐” 《庄子·秋水》载，庄子与惠施曾游于濠梁之上，庄子睹物思人，触类旁通：“倏鱼出游从容，是鱼乐也”。对人生的痛苦体验，使得庄子向社会之外寻觅人生的乐趣，自然美感正好可以充实他的生存体验形成的空虚。庄子的哲学发端于自然审美，由自然美过渡到生存美，进而思考自然和社会的关系。庄子视鱼犹得道之人，水犹道体。鱼无贪欲、无纷争、无私藏，恬淡纯朴，得水见性，自足自造。鱼可以说是庄子生存美的意向的对象物，以至于庄子成了一个“鱼化”的形象。“鱼之乐”是由于天性真朴，人之至乐也应当是涤除社会性返归自然情性。
三、结语 “孔颜乐处”和“鱼之乐”的最高部分，是对人生意义在精神尽处的觉解。这两种美学思想，发于私有制，在客观上都起到了强调个人本位道德和均衡社会秩序的作用。
参考书目: 《先秦诸子美学思想述评》 施昌东 中华书局 1979.5 《老庄心解》 范曾 华东师范大学出版社 2005.12 《于丹〈论语>心得》于丹 中华书局 2007.1 《论孟子对孔子美学思想的继承与创造》 互联网http://emuch.net/fanwen/view.php?id=12883
11月24日 duty report: the post 80s generation--my script
In China, those who were born in the 1980's and are now aged between 17 and 26 are called the "post-1980s" generation. In the next few years the 200 million people belonging to this generation will play the leading role in China. First, let’s enjoy some collections in our childhood, which have brought us endless fun. l Roles determiner: we folded a piece of paper into such shape and wrote several roles, and then, you chose South, West, North, East…after several movements with fingers, you could play all kinds of roles without any difficulties. l Electronic games, like the most powerful glue in the world, we stuck to them after school. How many stages could you pass at that time? l Do you still remember these things? Water gun, toy gun with BB bullet, the boys around me often held me a battle with BB gun, at that time, we inevitably became victims accidentally, and paper plane which carried our dream along its flight… l Barbie is the idol in every girl’s mind; the slender figure and delicate face always attract us to mould a perfect Barbie in the real life. Kitty is still magnet for some kidult, you know kidult very well; and Pikachu, there is no need to describe any more. l Small cards. I don’t know how to say in English. Ha-ha, they were quite popular among boys. Boys won the cards over with a piece of luck and the proper strength. l The same as small cards, there were also piles of plastic soldiers, glass balls and plastic discs. They hided in the instant noodle bags, “xiao hu dui”: “pi li hu”、”xuan feng hu” etc. We saved up for them to be a rich man. The spring frog was the most popular toy cause it was so advanced at that time. it was my favorite. l Do you still remember the moment you put on the red tie? We keep studying hard from our primary school, following the saying” good good study, day day up” and “learn from the uncle LF”. At the same time, we kept going with the fashion, collecting the fruit-flavor or fruit-shape erasers, and taking priding in having a multi-button pencil box, l As for the snack, there is no need to mention the details of our superstars at that time. But unfortunately, we can find them easily nowadays. l Can you recall the days when you were sitting in front of the TV set to wait those series coming upon the screen? May be all of us have learned something since we watched the first love stories or the charming cartoons. Thanks for the TURTLES, we successfully remember the four great men in Renaissance: mikailangjiluo, da veci and… and we know that we are the descendants of dragon. l With the advent of the ages, all the 80s have grown up ,and step on the different roads…. the super girl is not superman’s girlfriend or something, she is voted by 3.52 million china voters to become the winner of China singing competition “Super Girl 2005″nearly one-third of the country's population, the largest television audience in China 's history—tuned in to watch the season finale of Super Girl, an American Idol-like singing competition for women. l YM l LX the pride of 80s.though some… personality l DJH l GJM Guo Jingming, a 21-year-old college student, ranks 100 on the 2004 Forbes Chinese Celebrity list, showing his great talent as the most commercially successful young writer in China. Guo now ranks the 93rd on the list of 2004 Forbes Chinese Celebrity 100, with assets worth US$1.6 million. Even the famous dancer Yang Liping ranks behind him. No doubt that he is the most successful commercial young writer in China. "City of Fantasy" has grasped a very special readership – teenagers. This particular group is the most important for the country's future, but has long been neglected by writers. So whether he did it consciously or not, Guo has carved himself a huge slice of this cake. Just as an editor from Sprout Magazine said, "It's quite reasonable that Guo has become so popular. If there was no Guo Jingming, somebody else would have appeared. Teenagers badly need spiritual material, and it's Guo that provides what they need to them at the right time." Guo wrote "City of Fantasy" when he was a grade-three student in senior high. Criticized for his immaturity, he voiced his objection: "You cannot judge one's work by his age, but by the text. If the text is mature, that's enough. It's not necessarily true that the work of a 16-year-old writer is less mature than that of a 60-year-old writer. We should promote the juvenile writing rather than object it." l LL l LX l HZH disaster, He enclose the uncommon strength on those common people. l
Han Han Following his criticism that China's high school education is too exam oriented, Han chose in 1999 to write his novel instead of staying in school. Now the 23-year-old has done it again and fully devoted himself to car racing. Han said that taking part in car races has been his dream since he was a little boy. He changed his career from desk to wheel in 2003. After only two years he had become a core driver in the Shanghai Volkswagen 333 Race Club, and won his first section championship in Zhuhai, Guangdong. "To win is a matter of timing. I can drive at high speed with enough skill, the only thing I need is a little bit of good luck," Han says. "I chose it, I love it," said Han when he talks about his career switch. He hopes the racer Han Han can be as successful as the writer.
Li Xiang
In the summer of 1999, as three million Chinese students bogged down for the national college entrance exam, a test they generally prepare for throughout their entire childhood, 18-year-old Li Xiang decided to focus on his small Internet business PCPOP is a website that provides brand advertising of IT products for users and marketers in multiple categories. The turnover of Li's company in the last fiscal year was 20 million yuan (US$2.5 million) with a net profit of 10 million yuan (US$ 1.25 million). Back to 1999. High school student Li had already been able to get 6,000 yuan (US$755) per month from advertisements on his website "Home to graphic cards." Throughout his three years in high school, Li spent at least five hours each day in front of the computer. He had enough reasons to persuade his parents the traditional path was not for him. He told them: "My website runs well, I have read all the magazines on the computer industry for six years and I understand the industry above all, I like it more than anything else." Li now works in his company during weekdays and studies management courses on the weekends. Li does not like to be compared with big names in business. "I am just a young person who started his business earlier than others."
translation of act4 part2(另一个 PROSPERO无形地出现了)
PROSPERO2: 普若斯柏洛，普若斯柏洛。 PROSPERO: 谁？如此放肆！ PROSPERO2: 我就是你，你就是我。. PROSPERO: 笑话！你在哪？给我出来！ PROSPERO2: 哈哈，我在你身体里，在你的思想里。普若斯柏洛。永无止息的复仇是得不到平静的。以眼还眼只会让世界盲目。 PROSPERO: 难道你认为我能再碌碌无为地度过12年吗？难道我能够忍受嘴边的面包被抢夺、杯中的生命之水被泼洒的耻辱吗？ PROSPERO2: 普若斯柏洛，阿龙佐已对他12年前的所作所为而忏悔。你和阿龙佐都老了。当然，你也无法否定你俩给这个王国赢得的荣耀。但是现在，你们都无法担以重任了。 PROSPERO: 我乐意去做不会伤及自己的报复，但仇恨与暴力都是双刃剑：它们让接触到的人遍体鳞伤。但我无法自已，怒不可遏。 PROSPERO2: 普若斯柏洛，就算你把他们都杀了又怎样呢？ PROSPERO: 但是我。。。 PROSPERO2: 有着不可抵挡的恒力的年老是每一天都必须面对的事实。你要像接受自然进化的生命轮回那样接受年老的过程，长者完成他们的生命使命，为后生开天辟地。切勿让你的晚年时光在复仇的痛苦中消磨。 PROSPERO: 就算我在年青时硕果累累，这仍然是一场悲剧。到底还剩下些什么呢？ PROSPERO2: 普若斯柏洛，高龄的独特之处在于衰老的现实和死亡的逼近。你必须在必要时养精蓄锐、保存实力，适应这些瞬息万变和万劫不复的损失。
PROSPERO: 但我却在这冷淡残酷的世界中困兽犹斗。
PROSPERO2: 给予的是冷酷，又怎会收获友善？普若斯柏洛，放开一切，忘却仇恨。费迪南是那不勒斯最合适的国王。他对你的女儿深情款款，真情实意，米兰达，这曾经的小公主，也将成为王后。你的决定保佑着她的幸福。 PROSPERO: 不，我要复仇！我筹划了整整12年，只为了这一刻！ PROSPERO2: 不，你不能。 PROSPERO: 不，我必须复仇，必须复仇！ PROSPERO2: 想想米兰达吧，想想你的生活。 PROSPERO: 不，不，我不能放弃。不能。米兰达。。。米兰达。。我的女儿。。。复仇，不。我应该宽恕，应该原谅。。不，不，不，我不能。。啊！！！！
（举起法杖挣扎后又放下，最后平静下来）
PROSPERO 走吧！走吧！你们都走吧！让我独自啜饮这杯爱与恨的酒吧！！！ （站立不动，暴风雨起。。。） (暴风雨…).
translation of act4 part1act 4
MIRANDA (上场，拿着一本书，乖乖女。) (自言自语道)噢,他在那!(看到费迪南,很惊喜的样子,不由得惊呼出来.) 你看上去很累(流露出关心爱怜的表情。)
FERDINAND 没有啊,我高贵的女王,即使是在晚上,当你在我身边时我也会像在早晨那样精神抖。我恳请你告诉我你的名字，那样我便可以在祈祷时将它默念。（准备开始表白）
MIRANDA 米兰达。（天真无邪地盯着王子的眼睛回答，但还在迟疑中，没有马上走到王子身边。）
FERDINAND 米兰达，我的米兰达，我并不是每一天都能看到美丽的容颜。米兰达，请告诉我你正在阅读的书籍，请告诉我你生活的故事。（深情款款的样子）
MIRANDA 你爱我么？（ 天真无邪）
FERDINAND 你相信蓦然回首一见钟情吗？我会对我的爱情，对我的米兰达视而不见吗？皇天在上，我爱你，珍惜你，敬重你，胜过世上的一切。
PROSPERO (自言自语) 哈，多么甜蜜的二人世界啊！ (讽刺地)（很生气低用讽刺的语气在一旁说着，躲在一棵树后面，并没有被两个恋人发现。） 费迪南岂能如此大胆！哦，我的傻姑娘！（ 说话声音不由的大了些，但是由于那两人深陷彼此并未察觉什么。）
（这个时候米兰达因为太激动而哭起来，是小女生那种掩面啜泣，然后当费迪南跟她说话的时候她又瞪大可爱的双眼看着他。） FERDINAND 你为什么哭了？我并没有鲁莽行事的意思，希望没有打扰到你。我能带你走么？离开这座岛屿，远走高飞。我感到机不可失，时不再来，我害怕我会再也见不到你。 MIRANDA 我真是个傻瓜，为自己开心的事泪流满面。 FERDINAND 你将成为我的妻子，最最亲爱的妻子，我将永远照顾你，至死不渝。请相信我，我可以成为你的真命天子，我能让你美梦成真。（说着说着，走得更近了。）
MIRANDA 那么说，你就会成为我的丈夫喽？（米兰达往前小小地挪了一步，没有费迪南挪步时那么明显。）
FERDINAND 是的，胜过一个俘虏对自由的渴望，我迫切地想要担当起做丈夫的责任。请握住我的手，亲爱的。
MIRANDA 这是我的手，还有我的心。。。
（两人彼此握着双手，凝视双眸。） （普上。） PROSPERO （不再躲在树后偷听，怒不可遏地上场。） PROSPERO 不许再和我女儿说话！米兰达，向这个卑鄙无耻的男人告别，马上给我回去！（爆发出雷霆般的吼声。）
MIRANDA (对其父对费迪南德仇恨毫不知情，满脸天真) 爸爸，他。。。（完全不知情，而且甚至还有点高兴地想告诉爸爸自己找到了恋人。）
PROSPERO 米兰达，我可怜的女儿，你怎能爱上我仇人的孽种？这是以眼还眼、以牙还牙的时机，船上所有人的命运都在我股掌之间。我要让他们都去见阎王！ （哀痛又生气。）
FERDINAND 我父亲还活着？他还在这座岛上吗？（看着普紧张地问着。） (对米兰达说) 我得马上去找他了。（对米兰达惋惜地说。） 一千个吻别。 （费迪南下。）
MIRANDA 费迪南。。。（看着费迪南离去的身影，依依不舍，在嘴里默念着。）
PROSPERO 米兰达，清醒点。你的心智正被妖魔所迷惑。你的幸福生活是被他的父亲夺走的！
MIRANDA 亲爱的爸爸，告诉我，你说的都是真的吗？
PROSPERO 这些年，仇恨作为气息尚存的生命迹象之一，不断敲击着我的心房。还有有关这颠覆的世界的另外一件事：所有友善和可爱的人们对我来说都好似已经过世；只有仇人尚在苟延残喘。这是我结束他们生命的大好时机！
MIRANDA 但是，爸爸，这不关费迪南的事，请不要伤害他。
PROSPERO 总有一天，费迪南将成为那不勒斯，米兰达 ，回你房间去吧，我不想对你发火。 MIRANDA 好爸爸，请不要对他们如此残忍，黑暗不能驱走黑暗，只有光明才能驱走它；仇恨不能消解仇恨，只有爱能够消解它。我爱费迪南，请不要。。。我愿意陪你度过我的余生，只求你放他们走。
PROSPERO 米兰达，回你的房间去！
MIRANDA 亲爱的爸爸。。。 (嘤嘤啜泣) 11月23日 the play of Shakespear Festival-- class1 plus class 10Tempest (improved version)
Intro
闪电、风雨声以及凄怆、悲烈的音乐 四名守卫押送普洛斯彼罗前往孤岛 守卫全副武装 普洛斯彼罗身着破烂白色囚袍，戴手铐脚镣 聚光灯跟随普洛斯彼罗
Guard 1: Go, you prisoner! From a royal to a betrayer, from a betrayer to a prisoner. You and your evil child, now face the darkness of the endless night! Guard 2: Die, both of you. （普洛斯彼罗摔倒在地，守卫把婴儿扔给普洛斯彼罗，老人颤抖、挣扎着地把女儿抱入怀中。） 守卫下 老人抱婴儿下
ACT 1
旁白：Years passed. The prisoner survived. He tamed the island’s elves and gained magic powers. The little baby girl grew up and became a beautiful damsel. 风雨声 米兰达公主趴在阳台的石栏上，望着暴风雨感到不安、害怕 普洛斯彼罗上，走到米兰达身后 米兰达转过身，对着父亲站起来 Miranda: Papa, if you caused this terrible storm with your magic powers, please stop it. It seems that the sky would rain down boiling hot tar if the sea weren't swelling up to put out its fire. Oh, I suffered along with all the men I watched suffer! A fine ship, with some good people in it, smashed to pieces. Their dying shouts broke my heart! Prospero: （安慰地）Calm down, my girl. There's nothing to get upset about. No harm was done. Miranda: （转身背向父亲，伤心地）Oh, what a horrible day! Prospero: There is no damage, no harm. I have done nothing but in care of thee, Of thee, my dear one—thee my daughter, who Don’t know what thou art nor Who I am or that I'm better than merely Prospero, thy humble father who lives in a poor little shack. Miranda: （天真无瑕地、安静地）It never occurred to me to imagine there was anything more to know. Prospero: My dear, now you’ve grown up. （停顿，思考）I believe it is time for you to know the whole story.
暴风雨声渐息，缓慢弦乐声起 Prospero: Twelve years ago, Miranda, twelve years ago your father was the Duke of Milan, a powerful prince. Miranda: （吃惊地）You’re not my father? Prospero: Your mother was extremely virtuous, and she said you were my daughter. And your father was Duke of Milan, and you were his heir, a princess. Miranda: Good lord! What evil things were done to us that we were driven here? Or was it a blessing that we came here? Prospero: Both, both, my girl. We were pushed out of power by evil deeds, as you call them. But we were blessed in being helped toward this land.（有所隐瞒地） Miranda: Oh, my heart bleeds. But please tell me more. Prospero: （音乐变疾）（语速较快）My brother, your uncle Antonio, whom I trusted to run my state, which at that time was the strongest in the land. Since I was so drawn to studying things like logic, grammar, geometry, and astronomy, I let my control of the government slide a bit. But Antonio tried all means to win over the people who used to be mine. He changed them—remade them. Since he had control over the whole government and everyone in it, he soon made everyone sing his own song—whichever song he happened to like.（越来越生气、愤怒地） He became like the ivy that sticks to the side of the tree, and sucked my vitality out of me. To make his political performance absolutely perfect, he simply had to become the Duke of Milan himself! And at last we became the victims. Miranda: But why didn’t they just kill us? Prospero: Because the people of Milan loved me too much, they had to disguise their bloody intentions. So, to make a long story short, they hurried us onto a ship and carried us a number of miles out to sea. Miranda: Oh, the story breaks my heart. But please, father, still many questions are in my heart, like why you conjure up the storm. Prospero: （严厉地）Enough! No more questions. Miranda: Then why do you suddenly tell me these, papa? Prospero: Because justice will be done soon. Miranda: How… （开始念咒语，打断米兰达的话）
普洛斯彼罗念咒语施法，让米兰达入睡 普洛斯彼罗又用法杖和斗篷唤出小精灵
Prospero: By the power of thy sea, I call up thee; demons of the isle, come to me and serve me well 三小精灵上，衣着花俏，手持魔棒 Elves: （齐声说）What can I do for you, master? Prospero: Demons my servants. My enemies are near. The evil brother of mine is on the voyage. （转身、停顿）How could he ever believe his eyes when my furious magic takes his life? （大笑、戛然而止） （分别对三只小精灵）You, shall wake up the waters of the mighty sea. You shall summon up the great winds of the heavens. And you shall bring out the thunders of the sacred earth. Time’s ripe for revenge. Elves: As you wish, master. 邪恶、低沉音乐起，雷电声 灯光暗， 众人下
ACT 2
强烈的雷雨、风暴、以及船帆和桅杆呼呼作响的声音，急速的音乐 精灵们施法 十水手、安东尼奥、国王阿隆索、王子费迪南、两奸臣等众人同上，船在风雨中剧烈摇晃 M1: Captain, captain! M2: Put down the sail, put down the sail. M3: Three tans are filled with water; we’re not going to hold on M4: Turn left, watch out the reefs! Ferdinand: Hold on, father. Protect the King! M5: The rudder’s broken down, captain. M6: There is no way out! M7: The ship is breaking into half, we’re done. M8: Hold on! Captain: Hold on! 吵闹声弱下来，普洛斯彼罗低沉、可怕的声音伴随雷电声响起 Prospero: Humans. Be prepared to be devoured by the tempest of revenge. Ha ha ha ha ha ha~ 众人下 旁白：The ship was crashed and the crew were scattered. Prince Ferdinand was separated from the king and was driven by the waves to the reefs, while at this time, Miranda happened to be walking along the beach.
Act 3
(Ferdinand is sleeping, Miranda enters.) Miranda：（看到王子，转身对台下观众）What is it？A spirit? How handsome it is. I have never seen anything so noble-looking on earth before. Ferdinand (waking and seeing Miranda): This must surely be the goddess of this island.（此时公主回头看王子）—Please, I beg you to answer me, and how I should behave here. Oh, you marvelous creature!—are you a maiden or a goddess? Miranda: I’m not marvelous, sir, but I’m certainly a maiden. Ferdinand: She speaks my language! Miranda: (to herself) This is the second man that ever I saw, the first that ever I felt romantic feelings for. （to Ferdinand）Then, what can I help you? Ferdinand: I was in the shipwreck, and lost my comrades， Miranda: Ah, how pitiful! Ferdinand: So, would you be so kind as to find me something to eat. Miranda: Be of comfort, I will let you taste the sweetest fruit on the trees, and the cleanest water in the river. Ferdinand: Thank you. They enter. 旁白：Meanwhile, on the other side of the island, two followers of the king are conspiring to kill the king and take the crown. Alonso, Sebastian, Antonio, a concubine Concubine (to Alonso): Please cheer up, sir. You have cause, of joy, for our escape is much beyond our loss. Alonso: No, no, my son’s dead. Please be quiet. You are shouting empty words . Concubine: Sir, he may live. I have no doubt he came alive to land. Alonso: I wish I could sleep—it would stop me from thinking. I am feeling sleepy. Antonio: We two, my lord, will guard you and keep you safe. （国王和小妾同时睡去） Antonio: （面露阴险）What might happen, Sebastian, what might happen? In my imagination I see a crown dropping onto your head. Sebastian: What, art thou waking? Antonio: Although this woman hath here almost persuaded the king his son’s alive, it’s impossible that he survived. Sebastian: Yes, I’ve got no hope that he survived. Antonio: （情绪逐渐高昂）But in that “no hope” there are great hopes for you! Then, in that case, tell me, who’s the next heir of Naples? What a sleep was this for your advancement! Do you understand me? Sebastian: （犹豫状）I think I do. But, for your conscience? Antonio: （略微不屑）Ay,sir. What guilty conscience? I don’t feel anything. Here’s your brother sleeping. I could quickly make him dead with this sword of mine Sebastian: （决心已定）Thy case, dear friend, shall be my precedent. I remember you took the throne from your brother Prospero. As thou got’st Milan, I’ll come by Naples. Draw thy sword. Antonio: Draw together. (Prospero waves his magic wand. Everyone stops suddenly, Prospero enters.) Prospero: I foresee the dangers that Alonso is in through my magic powers. How could you two insidious men kill my enemy? Alonso deserves more. I will kill him by my own hand. Let him beg for mercy on his knees. To guarantee my plans succeed, I’d make sure these men survive. Ariel!（小精灵） (Ariel enters) Ariel (to Prospero): Yes, master! (to the concubine): Open your eyes. Keep a care. Awake, awake! (Prospero waves his magic wand again. Everyone can move now) Antonio: Let’s act quickly! Concubine (waking and seeing them): God preserve the king! Save him! Alonso (waking up): Hey! What’s this? Why are your swords out? Sebastian: (急忙辩解)While we stood here securing you as you slept, we heard a loud roar that sounded like bulls, or lions. Didn’t you hear it? Alonso: I heard nothing. Concubine: Sir, I heard a humming, which did awake me. As my eyes opened, I saw their weapons drawn. There was a certainly noise. We should stand upon our guard, or that we quit this place. Alonso: Lead us away from this ground, and let’s make further search for my poor son. Concubine: For he is, sure, on this island. Alonso: Lead away. (All exit)
Act 4 ,to be continued philosophy lesson's final exam-- translation of David HumeDavid Hume took the genuinely empirical elements in the philosophy of Locke and Berkeley, rejected some lingering metaphysics from their thought, and gave empiricism its clearest and most rigorous formulation. Born in Edinburgh in 1711 of Scottish parents, his early interest in literature soon showed to his family that he would not follow their plan for him to become a lawyer. Though he attended the University of Edinburgh, he did not graduate. He was a gentle person with a tough mind who regarded “every object as contemptible except the improvement of my talents in literature,” feeling “an insurmountable aversion to everything but the pursuits of philosophy and general learning.” He spent the years 1734-1737 in France, under conditions of “rigid frugality,” composing his Treatise of Human Nature. When this book appeared in 1739, Hume was disappointed in its reception, remarking later that “never literary attempt was more unfortunate,” for the book “fell deadborn from the press.” 大卫休谟在哲学上传承了J.洛克和 G.柏克莱的名副其实的经验主义，从他们的思想中摒弃了一些挥之不去的形而上学思想，并给经验主义作了最明确和最严格的简洁陈述。1711年出生在英国爱丁堡的一个苏格兰家庭，他对文学的早期兴趣很快向他的家人表明，他不会遵从父母之命，成为一名律师。虽然大卫曾进入爱丁堡大学学习，但没有毕业。他是一个外柔内刚的人， 认为“不用考虑任何除了增进我的文学天分以外的事物”，感到“难以克制地反感一切，但热衷追求哲学和一般学习”， 1734年至1737年旅居法国，在“极其简朴的生活条件下”，完成了他的哲学巨著《人性论》。这本书于1739年问世时，休谟对它受到得待遇感到甚是失望，评论道 “文学尝试是最不幸的，”因为“它一出版就死产了”。 Hume wanted to build a “science of man,” to study human nature by using the methods of physical science. His wide acquaintance with literature had shown him how often conflicting opinions are offered to readers on all subjects. He considered this conflict of opinions the symptom of a serious philosophical problem: How can we know the true nature of things? If artful authors can lead readers to accept conflicting ideas about morality, religion, and the true nature of physical reality, are these ideas equally true, or is there some method by which to discover the reason for this conflict of ideas? Hume shared the optimism of his day, which saw in scientific method the means for solving all the problems of the universe. He believed that such a method could lead us to a clear understanding of human nature and, in particular, the workings of the human mind. 休谟希望建立一个“人类的科学”体系，运用物理科学方法以研究人的本性。他对文学的熟谙让他知道在所有学科里相互冲突的观点经常会被呈现给读者。他认为这种观点冲突是严重的哲学问题症状：我们如何能够知道事物的真实本质呢？如果技艺精湛的作家可以引领读者接受这些相互冲突的观点--道德观、宗教观以及物理现实的真实性质，这些理念都是同等正确的吗？还是有一些方法能让我们发现观点冲突的原因？休谟有着他那个时代的乐观主义精神，以科学的手段得出解决宇宙所有问题的方法。他坚信，这种方法会带领我们对人类本性有个清醒的认识，尤其是对人的大脑的运作情况的认识。 Causality Hume’s most original and influential ideas deal with the problem of causality. Neiter Locke nor Berkeley challenged the basic principle of causality. Although Berkeley did say that we cannot discover efficient causes in things, his intention was to look for the cause of phenomena and therefore the predictable order of nature in God’s activity. 休谟最具有独创性也是最有影响力的理论是因果问题论。 无论是洛克还是伯克莱都不会向基本原则--因果关系挑战。虽然柏克莱曾说过，我们不能发现事物的有效成因，他意图寻找事物原因的现象，从而寻找在上帝的活动中可预见的自然律。 For Hume, the very idea of causality is suspect, and he approaches the problem by asking the question, “ What is the origin of the idea of causality?” Since ideas are copies of impressions, Hume asks what impression gives us the idea of causality. His answer is that there is no impression corresponding to this idea. How then does the idea of causality arise in the mind? It must be said Hume, that the idea of causality arises in the mind when we experience certain relations between objects. When we speak of cause and effect, we mean to say that A causes B. But what kind of a relation does this show between A and B? Experience furnishes us with two relations: first, there is the relation of contiguity, for A causes B are always close together; second, there is priority in time, for A, the “cause,” always precedes B, the “effect.” But there is still another relation that the idea of causality suggests to common sense, namely, that between A and B there is a “necessary connection.” But neither contiguity nor priority implies “necessary” connection between objects. There is no object, Hume says, that implies the existence of another when we consider objects individually. No amount of observation of oxygen can ever tell us that when mixed with hydrogen it will necessarily give us water. We know this only after we have seen the two together: “ It is therefore by experience only that we can infer the existence of one object from another.” While we do have impressions of contiguity, priority, and constant conjunction, we do not have any impression of necessary connections. Thus, causality is not a quality in the objects we observe but is rather a “habit of association” in the mind produced by the repetition of instances of A and B. 对于休谟，因果关系是令人怀疑的，他在解决问题时问道， “因果关系这一概念的原始成因是什么？ ”，因为思想是印象的拷贝，休谟还问道是什么印象给了我们因果关系的概念。他的答案是我们现在还没有与此概念相应的印象，又怎么会有因果关系这一概念出现在思想中呢？休谟应该是说，因果关系的概念在我们经验与某些事物的关系时出现在我们思想中。当我们谈到因果关系，我们打算说的是，甲导致了乙，但这显示出了甲乙之间的什么关系呢？经验提供给了我们两种关系：第一，接近关系，因为甲导致乙总是紧密相连;第二，接续关系，因为甲这个“原因”始终先行于乙这个“结果” 。但因果关系在常识中还有另一种关系,也就是说， 甲乙之间有一个“必然联系”。但接近关系和接续关系都不意味着事物之间的“必然”联系。休谟说，当我们单独考虑事物时，没有事物会表现出另一事物的存在。观察氧气再多也不能告诉我们当它与氢气混合时，我们会得到水。只有当我们看到这两个元素在一起时的形态，我们才知道这一点：“因此，只是通过经验我们才能从一个事物推断出另一个事物的存在。” 虽然我们确实有接近关系、接续关系和恒常结合的印象，我们并没有任何“必然联系”的印象。因此，因果关系不是我们从事物中观察到的一个性质，而是由于甲乙重复出现而在思想中产生的一个“习惯连接”。 Insofar as Hume assumed that the causal principle is central to all kinds of knowledge, his attack on this principle undermined the validity of all knowledge. He saw no reason for accepting the principle that whatever begins to exist must have a cause of existence as either intuitive or capable of demonstration. In the end, Hume considered thinking or reasoning “a species of sensation,” and as such our thinking cannot extend beyond our immediate experiences.据休谟所说，因果关系是所有知识的核心，他对这一原则的攻击，破坏了所有知识的有效性。他认为没有任何理由接受这样一个原则：无论什么事物，开始存在就必定有一个存在的原因，作为知觉或能力的展示。最后，休谟把思考或推理看作是“一种轰动效应”，因为我们的思想无法超越我们的现世经验。 9月15日 《呼啸山庄》期末论文爱其之深，恨之也切 ——由《呼啸山庄》的复仇主题联想到的 李佩哲 0601207 对于《呼啸山庄》一书的评价，各衷一是，众说纷纭，但最不容置疑的便是复仇主题的凸现，而其中，以希斯克里夫最甚，自始至终，希斯克里夫对那些让他受了委屈的人的复仇让呼啸山庄和画眉田庄的所有一切都受到了浸染。 复仇是人们对那些曾经伤害过自己身体或自己利益的人实行报复的一种行为。它的产生是人们的生存本能和自卫本能与外界因素发生作用的结果。拉法格就说过：“报复是人类精神的最古老的情欲之一，它的根子扎在自己的本能里，扎在推动动物与人进行抵抗的需要中。当他们受到打击时，就会不自觉地予以回击”，“人使自己的激情可以帮助他在个人的和社会的关系上保存自己的时候，对血的无厌的渴求，被提升为神圣义务的复仇变成一切义务的第一位” 这就是说，当其本人受到凌辱或他的亲属受到伤害时，他立刻会产生“心理失衡”，并面临“秩序重建”的问题，这时他就会把复仇当成最大的人生目标来追求，直到完成为止。这深刻地揭示了复仇产生的本质所在。 《呼啸山庄》的复仇故事是以复式角的形式记录下来的，通过房客洛克伍德的日记，大部分也是叙述耐莉告诉他的话记述，只有一小部分来自洛克伍德的第一手资料。 首先我们看到的是一个又一个让希斯克里夫走上复仇道路的因素。利物浦的孤儿岁月也许早已让他幼小的心灵蒙上了不可磨灭的阴影；当恩肖先生把他到回家时，与其说他被看作是一个流浪的孤儿（至少是个人），不如说是被看作任何非“人”的东西。恩肖太太唯一的意愿便是“fling it out of the doors”；而耐莉在此处所说的希斯克里夫也仅是用“it”来作为所谓的人称代词，竟然“put it on the landing of the stairs hoping that it would be gone the morrow”。此时的小希斯克里夫并未作任何值得让别人拒绝得如此残忍的错事。恩肖先生去世后，希斯克里夫在辛德莱手中饱受折磨，沦为奴仆和文盲。在这几年的折磨中，虽然他被剥夺了享受爱、友情和教育等的正当权利、被迫与灵魂伴侣凯瑟琳分离，这时的他至少还有凯瑟琳的拳拳爱意和款款深情，哪怕这种爱属于荒凉贫瘠的沼泽和荒原，拥有着孤寂的玄秘和和非同寻常的表达方式。但当希斯克里夫听到凯瑟琳对耐莉的一番叙述后，他遭遇了一种彻头彻尾的背叛，正如耐莉所说的：“As soon as you become Mrs.Linton, he loses friend, and love, and all! Have you considered how you’ll bear the separation, and how he’ll bear to be quite deserted in the world?”由于希斯克里夫没有听到凯瑟琳后半部分的直抒胸臆，时间同时也愚弄了一个有着强烈的爱，也有着强烈的恨的男人。当希斯克里夫发现凯瑟琳已与林顿·埃德加完婚，他找到了“惟一”一个报复埃德加和凯瑟琳的方式：与对爱无知但率真的伊莎贝拉结婚。因此，复仇的主题愈演愈烈了。 在此不得不提一点，为什么凯瑟琳要选择嫁给埃德加。大多数人认为是她内心的虚荣和肤浅在作祟，但我认为，这也只是凯瑟琳认为的两全的最好方式，此原因基于一个不争的事实，她和希斯克里夫完全是一样的，他们的爱不容忍差异，是不可思议的无性之爱，而埃德加却是迥异的，是“新”的；再有就是，她天真地认为成为林顿太太后能用林顿的钱来帮助希斯克里夫。可悲的林顿因此在很大程度上被利用了。凯瑟琳想通过这一举动改变一切，结果证明，她确实改变了一切，却是违背了她的初衷地改变了一切。具有象征意义的是她携入平静的画眉田庄的那种破坏性的激情：老林顿夫妇死于她带来的热病。整整二十年的颠沛流离和苦难折磨才能荡涤这种激情。 凯瑟琳嫉妒伊莎贝拉和希斯克里夫的婚姻，纵使它只是一个躯壳；痛恨林顿的书呆子气；也正是在她的不快乐堆积到快要决堤时，复杂的情愫汹涌澎湃地涌来，复仇火焰熊熊燃烧。“凯瑟琳内心世界反叛与尊崇的矛盾，逐渐转化为内心世界的压抑与矛盾。”受着传统家庭的约束、婚姻的束缚，无法再享受自由的生活方式，面临着全面的崩溃，不仅精神痛苦，肉体也跟着经受灾难，最终陷入沮丧、忧郁和病痛，直至死亡。苏珊·桑塔格在其所著《疾病的隐喻》一书中论及：“肺病具有‘情欲催化作用’，往往会使人‘情欲加剧’，并且能‘产生极大的情欲诱惑力’”。虽然桑塔格在书中并没有给出肺病与情欲之间在生理上存在必然的关系，但我国古典小说《红楼梦》中林黛玉的故事却为桑塔格的这一论断提供了注脚。 我们甚至看到她以假装生病来达到某种理想效果。凯瑟琳经常生活在幽闭受限制的世界里；脑海中经常出现“紧闭的窗户”、“棺材”、“监狱”等限制型的形象。可是凯瑟琳在如此折磨自己来达到报复希斯克里夫和埃德加的手段和目的未免不敢令人苟同。她通过镜中扭曲的自我发现自我的分裂、陌生和异化，心灵世界与灵魂伴侣相割裂，只能用自己的行动来发泄她那受压抑的情感以及她那受挫的心理。也许由于她无法掌控她的爱、她的世界及她自己，选择绝食也有可能是要与这个“征服了她的世界”对抗的一种报复心理，因此证明她的存在，她的可怜的微乎其微但破坏力惊人的影响力。最终她的报复行动吞噬并毁灭了她。证明了复仇是无益而后患无穷的。 复仇如同瘟疫般播撒开来了，根是苦涩的，收获的亦是无望的果实。从思维的角度看，复仇是非理性的“我向思维”，受个人需要的情感支配，是单向性的，一厢情愿式的，它不问条件只要结果。我们在第二十七章中见到，本来希斯克里夫很少借助明显违法行为来达到目的，但却绑架了凯瑟琳和耐莉。他这样不顾一切明显地表现出他走投无路的不择手段。 与此同时，伊莎贝拉也被这种复仇恶魔纠缠不休。她开始幸灾乐祸，对于他人所遇到的不幸却喜闻乐见。在辛德莱和希斯克里夫的那场剧烈冲突过后，对着约瑟夫祈祷的措辞忍不住大笑起来，像有些作恶多端的罪犯站在绞刑架下所表现的那样不顾一切了，而且对着希斯克里夫说了一大堆有关凯瑟琳的话，直至唤醒了希斯克里夫的注意力，让他泪如雨下。我们还听到了伊莎贝拉令人震惊的话语：“I couldn’t miss this chance of sticking in a dart: his weakness was the only time when I could taste the delight of paying wrong for wrong.”,“On only one condition can I hope to forgive him. It is, if I may take an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”那么伊莎贝拉在希斯克里夫心上绞出来的每一点一滴的痛苦让她感到真正的快乐与幸福了吗？其实在伊莎贝拉心中有着对这些利害关系的明晰概念：“I’d be glad of a retaliation that wouldn’t recoil on myself; but treachery and violence are spears pointed at both ends: they wound those who resort to them, worse than their enemies.”当她搭上了这列轰鸣的火车，便一去不复返了。 在辛德莱眼中，背叛与暴行是对背叛与暴行公平的回报。而他最后也郁郁而终了。每个人心中都攒握着复仇的火焰。在这个冤冤相报的世界里，何处才有终结？ 其实在中国也有这种沉积在民族心理深层中的“大仇不报，死不瞑目”的抗争精神，即所谓的“悠久的复仇文化”。《史记·伍子胥列传》中伍子胥的父亲、哥哥被昏君楚平王和奸臣费无忌杀害，伍子胥忍辱含垢逃奔到吴国，后率吴兵攻入楚国“掘楚平王墓，出其尸，鞭之三百然后己”，终于报了父兄之仇。精卫在东海洗澡被溺死化为鸟，衔木欲填平大海，在与对手的对抗中显示和维护了人格不受伤害和利益不被侵犯的尊严。春秋战国时期，出现了“士”阶层。这批人有才华、有抱负，但他们本身十分脆弱，没阶级地位，只能依附于诸侯、贵族才能成就大业，诸侯贵族的尊士、用士成全了他们的人格尊严。所以形成了他们“一饭之德必偿 ，睚眦之仇必报”的特征。他们恩怨分明，思报心切，动辄杀人。后来由于时代的变化，这种传统 也发生了一些变化，复仇主人公有了更大的容忍和胸怀。《史记》真实地记录了这些特征和变化。如孙膑用计谋击杀庞涓，报了当年的断足之仇；韩信收“恶少”进行嘲弄，报当年的胯下之辱。司马迁本人受宫刑也产生了强烈的复仇情绪，最后写成《史记》借古人抒发自己的怨气，这也是一个很好的复仇案例吧。而太子丹使荆轲刺秦王报秦攻燕国之仇；张良刺秦始皇；汉武帝打匈奴欲报高祖平登之仇等等为君主或国家报仇，已超越了家族情结和个人恩怨的范围。最著名的是《吴太伯世家》和《越王勾践世家》中吴王夫差“日夜勒兵，且以报越”，最后在夫椒大败越军 ，在会稽山上捉住勾践，灭了越国、君父之仇终于得报。好个勾践，在被囚禁时，仍不忘会稽之辱 ，卧薪尝胆，发奋图强，使越国很快发展起来，乘机打败吴国，令夫差自杀，报了以前的失国之仇。 这些人终于有了机会报仇雪耻，完善了本很脆弱的自尊心，大大地出了一口恶气。故事中，复仇之后的空虚感笼罩着主人公，令人窒息。《呼啸山庄》的复仇似乎又与中国《史记》故事里面所记载的这些复仇故事有点不同，前者是国恨家仇，虽然也有私人恩怨，但后者主要是爱情在作祟。在Spark Notes里有这么一句话：“Heathcliff is, in reality, a man torn between love and hate.”《呼啸山庄》里，复仇与爱情，一直贯穿于始终，关系便变得错综复杂，难于尽述了。可是爱与恨却是生命意识的重要组成部分。让我们以金庸武侠小说为例，来探究其实爱情所带来的审美效果，常常是通过它与复仇的相互作用体现的。 复仇与爱情是小说中最常见的话题。二者常常相伴而生,互为消长。在二者的相互作用下,流动着一种深层的生命意识,体现出 “写人”、“表现人性”的审美理想。 中医称喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊为“七情”,其中喜、怒、思、忧、恐又称为“五志”,古代中医圣典《黄帝内经·素问·阴阳应象大论》指出:“怒伤肝”、“喜伤心”、“思伤脾”、“忧伤肺”、“恐伤肾”。情绪波动干扰正常的生理活动,生理功能失调又会反作用于心理。而男女之间的爱情,对人的七情五志的影响往往比人生的其他问题更为严重、强烈。爱情极容易伤人,其化解之道关键在于个人的性情、性格。而若不懂得这化解之道,后果将不堪设想。 在金庸武侠小说里,爱情遭拒的情节当中，复仇者常常为女性，复仇对象为该女性所倾慕的对象。其大致母题模式为:某女爱上某男,而某男要么浑然不觉,要么根本不爱某女。某女因爱而生恨,因恨而生仇,导致心理变态,遂向某男展开复仇行动。这类侠女的爱情没有风花雪月儿女情长,只有刀光剑影下的情感宣泄。在与《呼啸山庄》对比时，我们发现有一点类似：在主人公爱情遭拒的同时，复仇者便开始蠢蠢欲动了。变态复仇到典型人物及主要情节列表如下： 表1 爱情遭拒，变态复仇
从上表可以看到,无论采取什么样的具体方式、手段,这些女性的做法都是非常极端的。“赤练仙子”李莫愁将何老拳师一家大小二十余口满门杀绝,只因为这家人与她的情敌何沅君同姓“何”;一连毁掉六十三家货栈船行,只因为这些货栈船行的名号中有情敌何沅君的“沅”字，这与希斯克里夫意念当中的赶尽杀绝类似：“The first thing she saw me do, on coming out of the Grange, was to hang up her little dog; and when she pleaded for it, the first words I uttered were a wish that I had hanging of every being belonging to her…”;梅芳姑抢了石清的儿子(石破天当时被认为是石清的儿子,事实极有可能真的是这样)，与他母子相称,并为其取名为“狗杂种”,这个妈妈不教儿子武功,不教儿子语言,不教儿子生活常识,对儿子非打即骂,这一举动跟希斯克里夫对待哈利顿的方式极其相似，辛德莱死后，希斯克里夫羁押了哈利顿，把他作为无知的农夫抚养大，把哈利顿变得没有文化、性情急躁，极易受到侮辱。 他们何以有这样变态的行为呢?因为他们不具有化解爱情带来的仇恨的性格。社会环境影响性格,影响到个体社会化的进程和性质。李莫愁的生活环境没有中原汉人的“许多臭规矩”,因为她从小生活在古墓里。不同的是 ,这是一个与世隔绝的纯女性世界,这里没有男人,没有爱情,只有封闭和压抑。但这同样使李莫愁对爱情没有正确的认识。这从她送给陆展元的锦帕中可见一斑,她自比红花,而认为陆展元应像绿叶一样陪衬她。这在那个时代显然是陆展元所不能接受的,因此,陆展元不会爱她。由于长期的压抑和对爱情常识的无知,加之自身性格的刚烈,李莫愁无法接受陆展元的拒绝,因此精神疯狂, 心理变态。希斯克里夫生活在广阔原始地势高的荒原，有些湿润，是一块不毛之地，荒原上无法耕种，而且运输尤其困难,与文明世界格格不入。它的显著特征是沼泽遍布，人们可能会被湮没于此，希斯克里夫深陷于情海之中，他果断地认为凯瑟琳不会背弃真我和真爱，而凯瑟琳对画眉田庄——文明社会的向往让这个可能变得渺茫。梅芳姑的心理变态也是源自她的生活环境。她的母亲梅文馨从小给她灌输的就是男人没一个好东西的思想。梅芳姑接受的可谓是“仇恨教育”,对爱情怎能有正确的认识呢?正如希斯克里夫在仇恨和折磨中成长，对爱的欲望甚至有些畸形了。他们在生活环境的挤压下形成了特定的性格,进而对爱情产生错觉，这揭示了人性的某些弱点,人常常被环境所左右,在欲望中迷失自我。这对人生、对人的爱情进行了反思,有重要的启迪意义。 当我们把目光转到曹禺先生的《雷雨》上，复仇的光影同样地，渐渐让天空阴霾。由于周萍这个纨绔子弟拒绝了蘩漪的要求，她由爱变成恨，由倔强变成疯狂，最后发展为报复行为。“所谓热情者，到了表现的时候，反而冷静到像叫你走进了坟窑的程度。于是你更感到她的阴鸷，她的力量、她的痛苦；……这有所顾忌的主妇回无所顾忌地揭露一切，揭露她自己的罪恶。从戏一开始，作者就告诉我们，她有心思：报复。她不是不爱她亲生的儿子，是她不能分心，她会恨他，如若他不受她利用。到了不能制止自己的时候，她连儿子前途也不屑一顾。她要报复一切，因为一切做成她的地位，她的痛苦，她的罪恶。”（李健吾《咀华集·谈〈雷雨〉》）曹禺先生曾经在《雷雨》的序中评价蘩漪这个被爱情伤害得体无完肤的女子：“蘩漪是个最动人怜悯的女人，她不悔改，她如一匹执勤的马，毫不犹豫地踏着艰难的走道，她抓住周萍不放，想重新拾起一堆破碎的梦就出自己，因为这条路也引向了死亡。”在《雷雨》的氛围里，蘩漪的生命燃到电火一样地白热，情感郁热，境地，激成一朵艳丽的火花，但是火星也有消灭之时，她的生机也顿时化为乌有，生命里交织着最残酷的爱和最不忍的恨，也许爱与恨正是曹禺先生所要表达的主题，周朴园、鲁侍萍、乃至周萍，哪个不是一切的恩怨情仇，只有蘩漪将爱与恨的交织诠释得如此淋漓尽致，她就像一朵在黑夜里悄无声息地绽放了的花，冷漠、诡异、妖艳，穿过被灼伤了的眼睛，直逼进你的灵魂，寻找苦海深处的共鸣。我不得不赞叹这个疯狂到让人心痛的女人，她是罪人，也是受害者。希思科里夫同蘩漪一样，被复仇的怒火中烧蒙蔽了双眼，蒙蔽了心灵，不顾一切地报复着，满足着狂怒的灵魂和脆弱的心，他对自己的亲生儿子林顿这个无爱婚姻的产物倍加折磨，父子之情荡然无存，报复的心思让他变成一格他的所作所为的通常借口、一种快感，正如蘩漪不会在乎被告发逆伦秘密那点痛痒，一个失望的人，什么事都做得出来，落在情热的火坑里，为这不正常的发展和环境的窒息，他们变为乖戾，成为人们所不能了解得，受着人的嫉恶、社会的压制而这样抑郁终身。 还有另外一种形式，便是主人公利用爱情进行复仇。在中国古代复仇文学中常常出现这样的现象:恩义关系的缔结不仅不能给施恩者带来好处,反而使施恩者自食苦果。受恩者知恩不报,甚至反目成仇。正如耐莉在接近故事尾声之处所说：“But where did he came from, the little dark thing, harbored by a good man to his bane?”这种恩将仇报的故事模式在中国小说中古已有之。金庸在这种模式中渗入爱情因素,在爱情的层面上揭露了人性丑恶的一面。 那么,典型的利用爱情复仇的故事类型是什么样的呢?这种类型 的男女主角往往首先双双坠入爱河,但有一方或是假情假意,或是中途倒戈,进而利用对方对自己的爱达到某种不可告人的复仇目的。如下表: 表2 利用爱情复仇
以上四人中,复仇行动实施得最惨烈、最为惊心动魄的莫过于林平之。林平之本是威名远扬的福威镖局的少公子,生活优裕,且积极上进,又有正义感,人生前途一片光明。可福威镖局突遭横祸,一夜之间他变成了身负血海深仇的小乞丐。然而在他所生存的社会环境下他根本无处申冤。于是,他生存的意义便成为了想尽一切办法复仇。恰好在这个时候心怀叵测的“君子剑”岳不群收留了他,也在这时岳不群的千金小姐大方地把爱情献给了他。在华山派的大树下,林平之大可放心地乘凉。他边练武功边等待报仇时机。随着事态的发展,他苦心寻找的祖传辟邪剑谱偏偏落在了岳不群手中。弄到剑谱后他便同岳灵珊结了婚,以掩盖他自宫练功的事实。此时的他已成为一个灵魂扭曲的变态杀手。对仇人一番残酷的屠戮后,林平之轻轻地将匕首送进了至死不悔地爱着他的岳灵珊的心脏,丧失了最后一点人性。这四人中,有颇具侠义气度的正面形象——有才有貌、文武双全的陈家洛;有龌龊奸邪的反面形象——虚伪好色的公孙止;有由正到邪而同是受害者和害人者的林平之;还有无所谓正邪的慕容复。他们的复仇内容也各式各样。陈家洛报的是民族、国家的大仇;公孙止报的是个人的私仇;慕容复报的是民族、家族之仇;而林平之报的是杀父杀母的家仇。希斯克里夫利用伊莎贝拉对她的爱向林顿一家复仇，狠心地折磨无辜的伊莎贝拉，他对伊莎贝拉的伤害还出于虐待狂的心理，他想看看伊莎贝拉到底能够承受多少虐待而还会来祈求更多的伤害。 这种报仇，无论是正还是邪,无论是国仇家恨还是私怨,无论复仇直接结果是成还是败 ,他们最终无一例外地以悲剧收场。尽管原因很复杂,但至少说明一点:爱情是不容被利用的。利用爱情者都会染上很严重的心理疾病。“爱情和人性是同意语,所以爱情的秘密也就是人的一般秘密。”所以冒犯了爱情也就是冒犯了人性。小说仿佛在严正地宣言：爱情是人类与兽类的重要区别之一,如果有人胆敢亵渎它,就会陷入命运的沼泽。只能迎接悲剧的到来： 陈家洛受骗退隐 ,一心想干一番大事业的他,当年谁人不知的英雄的他只能垂老乡里;曾经道貌岸然、一时呼风唤雨的公孙止与爱他、恨他的老婆同堕地狱;满腹不平的林平之要在西湖水底度过残生;心高气傲的慕容复继续做着他的皇帝梦,可他人已经彻底疯了。他们“生命之剑已丧失了生气,将生命吹入人体的创造者已不知去向,气势磅礴的酒神宴会已人去楼空狂势的舞蹈,令人感奋的神迹已杳无踪影 ,甚至田园般的陶醉已随风飘散”。希斯克里夫到最后意识到自己再也不可能通过控制、毁掉与凯瑟琳相关的人或物来达到找回凯瑟琳的目的了，他日益感到孤独，进食也越来越少，最后死在那间充满幽魂和奇异的木制房间里。 而金庸的小说中也有主人公以爱情消解仇怨的，传统武侠小说十分强调“快意恩仇”,而金庸的武侠小说则“从根本上批评和否定了“快意恩仇”、“任性杀戮”这种观念。体现出明显的关注个体生命体验的某种“反武侠”精神。而否定的具体方式之一,便是用爱情消解复仇。爱情可以带来仇恨,同样可以化解仇恨,消解复仇意识。在《呼啸山庄》里，小说的紧张局势随着希斯克里夫内心矛盾的逐渐消散而慢慢缓解，是他对凯瑟琳的爱削弱了他的复仇欲望。他们的爱基于一种无可抗拒的激情之上，他们感到对方的爱就是生存的惟一显示。凯瑟琳对希斯克里夫的感情与对林顿的感情全然不同。她对林顿的爱只局限于一种肤浅、狭隘的层次，而对希斯克里夫的爱则出自她天性的更深刻的一面，但它是必要的，缺少了它就等于是精神上的死亡。“My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff’s miseries….My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods: time will change it…My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. ” 我国元代画家赵孟兆页之妻管夫人写了一首《我侬词》表达他们夫妻间的恩爱： 尔侬我侬，特煞情多。 情多处热似火。 把一块泥，捏一个尔，塑一个我。 将咱俩个，一齐打破，用水调和。 再捏一个尔，再塑一个我。 我泥中有尔，尔泥中有我。 我与尔生同一个衾，死同一个木郭。 ——引自《词苑丛谈》 简爱在与罗杰斯特结婚后说，她“完全变成了他的骨中之骨，他的肉中之肉”。他们之“你中有我，我中有你”都待“再捏再塑”或“变成”如此，而对于凯瑟琳和希斯克里夫，他俩本来就是一个！ 到文章末尾，哈林顿和凯西的爱情让呼啸山庄和画眉田庄重归宁静恬美，洛克伍德走近呼啸山庄时看见了落日和升起的月亮，一个渐渐暗淡，一个渐渐亮起来，这是山庄换岗的象征，宅门首次打开了，园中溢满花香，生命和理智回归山庄。呼啸山庄的旧世界，那个冤冤相报的旧世界一去不复返了。 Barron notes提过“There is no peace in eternal vengeance, and in the end self-injury involved in serving revenge’s purposes will be more damaging than the original wrong”，而甘地也说：“An eye for an eye makes the world blind.” “一只脚踩扁了紫罗兰，它却把香留在那脚跟上，这就是宽恕。”含义如此隽永而富有诗意的句子,诠释得是何等超绝的宽恕之境。只有学会宽恕别人，心中有爱，当我们的心灵为自己选择了宽恕的时候，我们便获得了应有的自由，因为我们已经放下来仇恨的包袱；学会宽恕，就是学会善待自己。仇恨只能永远让我们的心灵生活在黑暗之中，复仇只会把我们推往地狱深渊。心中有纯洁的爱，才能化干戈为玉帛，饮一杯宽恕的甘露，让爱永远挥洒于人间，让仇恨灰飞烟灭。
参考书目： 《哈佛蓝星双语名著导读》 SparkNotes LLC授权 天津科技翻译出版公司 2003．9 Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights Frances McCarthy Barron’s Educational Series 1974.6 Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights E.L.Gilbert 外语教学与研究出版社1996．12 《历史大讲堂——〈史记〉三讲》 李东阳 重庆出版社 2005.1 《金庸评传》 孔庆东 郑州大学出版社 2004.11 《咀华集·谈〈雷雨〉》李健吾文化生活出版社 1936.1 《西方文化地图》黄小燕 编著 中国长安出版社 2004.1 《外国文学名著题解》 中国青年出版社 1983.4 《张鑫友英语专业综合教程学习指南 第二册》 张鑫友主编 2006.2
推广上外新校训的作用和意义推广上外新校训的作用和意义 李佩哲
1、通过上外新校训的推广，达到学校的教育目的，实现学校的教育理想。 上外校训凝聚着学校管理者和学校教育团队对受教育者的期望和要求，通过对校训的不断强调和不断的重复教育，这样，师生都会自觉或者不自觉的接受校训所提倡的，所引导的方向上去，进而在师生中，特别是在学生中形成一种群体的意识，当这种群体意识驱动群体行动。校训所蕴含的教育思想、理念、理想就会因此而实现，或者因为这种意识而影响学生的整个人生。 上外校训是独立思想和传统精神的集中体现,是一种深刻的历史文化沉淀，是上外文化的灵魂，因而如果全体师生理解了校训的内涵,并在实践的过程中得到启迪，从而便取得了教益。这也是我们推广上外新校训的初衷。
2、通过上外新校训的推广，增加学校的凝聚力，传承和提升上外的历史精神。 新校训是上外精神的核心和灵魂。这种非实体性的精神文化其核心内容能指引着学校成员的精神风貌、目标追求、生活情趣、行为模式。通过新校训的推广，使大家形成一种共识，表现为同一的健康的精神风貌、树立共同的目标追求，形成比较高尚的生活情趣，同时也将对世界、对人类、对事物、对待人生及其他价值取向提升到一个高度。让全体上外人朝着共同的目标前进，并做出这样的努力，这样，上外的凝聚力就得以产生。 校训的产生发展具有一个历史的过程，上外于1949午12月正式成立起,在办学过程中，所具有的教育传统因为上外的存在而加以继承，上外校训的内涵是具有继承性的。赋有人文精神与人文底蕴，充分体现出上外师生胸怀远大、积极向上的品貌追求与其治学严谨、融会中外的办学特色，这是上外学子代代传承的精神魅力，能让每个上外学子生生不息，学习前辈的治学精神。
3、通过校训的推广，促进独特的上外风格形成 上外校训的风格独特性：上外总的目标是把单科性的专业外语学院逐步改办成多科性应用文科类的外国语大学。外语类院校的学生在与世界接轨的过程中，不仅能力和素质很重要，品格更重要，这也是新校训对我们的要求和期望。上外校训体现了对理想对人格和道德培养的重视,体现了上外的学科特色和专业特色上，是上外精神的凝聚与升华，体现了外国语大学的人文传统和治学精神，在做人和治学方面具有很强的导向性和实践性。它告诉我们，无论做人、做事还是做学问，我们都要铸炼高尚的品格和远大的志向，汲取古今中外的优秀文化，综合发展，内外兼修。严谨治学、博学求知、开拓创新，践行充实校训内涵，以高尚的品德、渊博的学识展现上外人的风采——格高志远勇攀登，学贯中外玉器成！
|
|
|
